¿Qué es realmente el apego? Desenterrando mitos.
En la actualidad se está poniendo de moda el apego. Es un concepto que, a nivel general, se utiliza para hablar de las relaciones con las personas y los objetos. En este sentido, se cree que el desapego es el objetivo al que tenemos que llegar como seres humanos, el sino de nuestra felicidad y satisfacción interna.
Nada más lejos de la realidad, el desapego no existe. Desenterremos mitos para utilizar la palabra apego como realmente corresponde.
No existe el desapego sino diferentes tipos de apego
Dentro del campo de la psicología, la teoría del apego ha cobrado una gran importancia para explicar y encontrar el origen de la regulación emocional. Esta teoría está basada en el primer trabajo teórico del psicoanalista John Bowlby y en el trabajo empírico de la psicóloga Mary Ainsworth. A través de ella, se explica la importancia de formar vínculos afectivos estrechos desde el momento de la gestación, cómo se van formando a lo largo de los primeros años de vida y cómo influye en la vida adulta.
Bowlby define el apego como un mecanismo que adapta la conducta para conseguir unos fines determinados de acuerdo con las necesidades del momento. Estos mecanismos se van adaptando a través de los constantes contactos con el mundo exterior y de la capacidad de respuesta o disponibilidad de las figuras principales de apego.
Cuando la figura de apego ofrece una respuesta sensible, accesible, de acogida y de protección, está contribuyendo a que el bebé experimente la seguridad necesaria para explorar y dominar su entorno. Por el contrario, si las interacciones no son estables y no responden a las necesidades, el bebé aprenderá a llevar a cabo estrategias emocionales más extremas para poder recuperar su homeostasis y volver a la seguridad y confort del entorno. Por lo tanto, las conductas de apego son estrategias autoprotectoras, cuyo último objetivo es la supervivencia.
El apego no es únicamente propio de la infancia, sino que se sigue manifestándose en la vida adulta
La relación con las figuras de apego posibilita la construcción de un modelo del mundo y de sí mismo. El apego, por tanto, sigue manifestándose en la vida adulta a la hora de relacionarnos con los demás, en nuestra autoestima y en cómo nos enfrentamos al estrés.
Bibliografía
Ainsworth, M.; Blehar, M.; Waters, E., Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Apego. Nueva York: Basic Books.
Crittenden, P. (2006). Modelo dinámico-maduracional del Apego. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy. 27 (2): 1-18.
Farkas, C.; Santelices, M.; Aracena, M.; Pinedo, J. (2008). Apego y ajuste socioemocional: un estudio en embarazadas primigestas. Psykhe. 17 (1): 65-80.
Feeney, J.; Noller, P. (2001). Apego adulto. Bilbao: Desclée de Brouwer.
Kerr, S.; Melley, A.; Travea, L.; Pole, M. (2003). The relationship of emotional expression and experience to adult attachment style. Individual Differences Research. 1: 108-123.
Marrone, M. (2001). La teoría del apego: Un enfoque actual. Madrid: Lugar Editorial. Niedenthal, P., Brauer, M.; Robin, L.; Innes-Ker, A. (2002). Adult attachment and the perception of facial expression of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 82(3):419-33.
Nóblega, M.; Bárrig, P.; Conde, L.; Prado, J.; del Carbonell, O.; González, E.; Sasson, E.; Weigensberg de Perkal, A.; Bauer, M. (2016). Cuidado materno y seguridad del apego antes del primer año de vida. Universitas Psychologica. 15(1): 245-260.
Oliva, A. (2004). Estado Actual de la Teoría del Apego. Revista de Psiquiatría y Psicología del Niño y del Adolescente. 4 (1): 65-81.
Vuyk, R. (1983). Preguntas y Respuestas sobre la teoría del apego de Bowlby. Anuario de Psicología. 28 (1): 1-22.
Yárnoz, S.; Alonso-Arbiol, I.; Plazaola, M.; Sáinz, L. (2001). Apego en adultos y percepción de los otros. Anales de Psicología. 17 (2): 159-170.
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